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If his team sees a companion object to a star in more than one NICMOS picture,and it appears to have moved along an orbit,follow-up observations will be made with ground-based telescopes.If they see something once but its brightness and separation from the star would be reasonable for a planet,they will also do follow-up observations with ground-based telescopes.
如果他的小组在不只上一张NICMOS照片中观察到一颗恒星的伴星,而且它似乎在沿着特定的轨道发生了位移,将用地面的望远镜进行后续跟踪观察.如果他们观察到某天体一次,而且其亮度和与该恒星的距离可以合理地解释为一颗行星,他们也会利用地面望远镜进行后续跟踪观察.
Taking the image of an exoplanet is not an easy task.Planets can be billions of times fainter than the star around which they orbit and are typically located at separations smaller than 1/2000th the angular size of the full moon from their star.The planet recovered in the NICMOS data is about 100,000 times fainter than the star when viewed in the near-infrared.
给外行星拍照并不是一项轻而易举的工作.行星的亮度可能只是它们所围绕运行的恒星亮度的几千万分之一,而且这些行星与恒星的分离通常在与恒星满月时的视角1/2000还小的角度.在NICMOS数据中发现的行星大约仅为通过近红外线观察的恒星的亮度的十万分之一.
"Even when using the best telescopes available,with the best resolution,the light from the bright star spills out in the area where the much fainter planets are located,making them impossible to see.It is essential to subtract out this bright glare of stellar light from the image to see faint dots,i.e.,planets that could be hidden underneath," says Rene Doyon of the University of Montreal.
“即使使用最先进的望远镜,最大的精度,恒星发出的光照射到行星所位于的区域内更暗的行星所在区域,使其很难被观测到.因此将在照片中将这种耀眼的星光滤掉便至关重要,这样才能看到微弱的小点,即可能暗藏在后面的行星,”蒙特利尔大学的Rene Doyon说.
The stability of how light is scattered in the NICMOS camera,called the point spread function (PSF),is key for using Hubble images to recover planets.This technique works by taking images of different stars and combining them to create a PSF of a star that closely resembles the star that is being studied for planets.This requires a reasonably steady PSF because images of different stars are taken on different days.Atmospheric conditions would vary from day-to-day for ground-based telescopes,but not for a space telescope that enjoys unprecedented image stability over repeated visits to a target.
光分散在NICMOS照相机中的稳定性能,亦称为点分散功能(PSF),对使用哈博望远镜发现行星是一项关键技术.这一技术的工作原理是将拍到的不同恒星的照片组合在一起,形成一个恒星的PSF点分散照片,使其近似正在研究中的行星所围绕的该恒星.这就要求在不同时间对不同的恒星拍照得到相对稳定的PSF点分散照片.地面望远镜会因大气条件的变化而导致每次拍照的结果有差异,但太空望远镜则可提供无可比拟的对同一目标反复观察从而使获得的图像稳定性更高.
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