一.直接引语和间接引语
（一）直接引述别人的原话,叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话,叫做间接引语.间接引语一般构成宾语从句.直接引语必须放在引号内,间接引语则不用引号.直接引语改为间接引语时,除将引语部分变成宾语从句外,还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变.
1.时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时,通常受转述动词said,asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态,即把原来的时态向过去推,也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变为过去进行时,等等.例如：
Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”
→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework.
2.人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化：根据意义进行相应的变化,例如：
She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”
→She asked Jack where he had been.
He said,“These books are mine.”
→He said that those books were his.
（二）直接引语改为间接引语时,都使用陈述语序,但是因为原句的句式不同,所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同.直接引语如果是一般疑问句,用连接词whether或if；如果是特殊疑问句,则用疑问词引导间接引语.转述的动词一般用asked,可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me,him,her,us等.如：
She said,“Is your father at home?”
→She asked me if/whether my father was at home.
“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me.
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.
直接引语如果是祈使句,改为间接引语时,要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式,并在不定式的前面根据原句的语气（即请求或命令）加上ask,tell,order等动词,如果祈使句为否定式,则在不定式前加not.其句型为：ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something.例如：
She said to us,“Please sit down.”
→She asked us to sit down.
He said to him,“Go away!”
→He ordered him to go away.
He said,“Don’t make so much noise,boys.”
→He told the boys not to make so much noise.
二.各种时态的被动语态
被动语态概述
被动语态的概念：它是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系.主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river.被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者,例如：The little boy was seen crying by the river.
被动语态的构成
被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成.助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化.几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下：
1.一般现在时 am/is/are + 过去分词
例如：Rice is planted in the south of China.
2.一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
例如：These trees were planted the year before last.
3.一般将来时 will/shall + be + 过去分词
例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school.
4.现在进行时 am/is/are + being + 过去分词
例如：Your radio is being repaired now.
5.过去进行时 was/were + being + 过去分词
When he got there,the problem was being discussed.
6.现在完成时 have/has + been + 过去分词
His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished?Yes,it has./ No,it hasn’t.
7.过去完成时 had + been + 过去分词
注意：
1．除了be之外的其它系动词如get,stay等也可以和过去分词构成被动语态.例如：Their questions haven’t got answered.
2.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词+ be + 过去分词”结构.例如：
More attention should be paid to the old in this country.
This work can’t be done until Mr.Black comes.
3.含有“be going to”,“be to”等结构的谓语,其被动语态分别用“be going to + be + 过去分词”和“be to + be + 过去分词”.例如：
The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting.
All these books are to be taken to the library.
4.被动语态与系表结构的区别：“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”构成的系表结构,与被动语态的形式完全一样,所以应注意它们的区别.被动语态中的过去分词是动词,多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,多强调状态.前者通常可用by 引出动作的执行者,而后者则不可以.例如：
The map was changed by someone.（被动结构）
That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.（系表结构）
系表结构中的过去分词通常可被very修饰,被动语态中的过去分词往往要用much修饰.
例如：
He was very excited.（系表结构）
He was much excited by her words.（被动结构）
5.主动形式表被动意义.有些动词的主动形式有被动意味,如 open,read,sell,shut,wash,wear,write等.此时句子的主语一般是物.例如：
These books sell well.这些书很畅销.
The door won’t shut.这门关不上.
The clothes wash well.这些衣服很好洗.