这个不太好概括,看看语法书呗.定语呢,就是起形容、修饰作用的词、词组、短语或者从句,比如:beautiful girl中的beautiful;
表语呢就是系动词(主要是be,然后seem、look等单词也可以做系动词)后面跟的表示表述作用的成分,例如:she is a beautiful girl中的a beautiful girl就是作表语了;
谓语由谓语动词及其动作的对象(宾语)构成,比如:I really want to put this beautiful girl into my bed!这里really后面的就是谓语;
状语呢就是表述时间、地点、原因、结果等信息的成分,比如:she ran out of my house last night because she was afraid of being put into the bed!这里的last night是时间状语,because引导的是原因状语从句.
好了,都是个人的意见,非搜索的,仅供参考.