1.没错,since引导时间状语从句,翻译为“自从...以来”时,的确有这么一种说法:
如果从句谓语动词为瞬间性动词时,从句正常翻译;
如果从句谓语动词为延续性动词时,从句否定翻译.
2.但是楼主翻译有误.
从字面上看,It has been a long time since I was happy last time的确翻译为“自从我上次不开心以来,已经很久了”.
不过,其实际含义是“我已经很久一段时间没有开心过了”,和“距离我上次开心,已经很久了”其实含义相同.
而且,这个句型的主句一般直接使用一般现在时即可,为:
It is a long time since I was happy last time.
3.如果说It has been / It is a long time since I was unhappy的话,其含义是“很久一段时间之内我都很高兴”,即楼主所谓的“距离我上次不开心,已经很久了”.