包括冠词,指示代词,形容词性物主代词,名词所有格,数词.第七讲 英语名词短语中的限定词
(Determiners in Noun Phrases)
一、限定词的定义（Defining the notion of “determiner”）
限定词不同于修饰语（modifier）.限定词是用来表示名词短语中中心词（head noun）（68页）是特指（specific reference）还是类指（generic reference）,是表示确定数量（definite quantity）还是不确定（indefinite quantity）数量,是指称部分还是整体,起限定作用的一类词.修饰语只是在语义上增添名词中心词的“描绘”信息,使之更具体.因此限定词通常是必不可少的,而修饰语一般是可有可无的；限定词只能位于名词前,而修饰语很多则可以位于名词后,特别是形容词短语作修饰语时；限定词无短语成分,形容词等修饰语有短语成分.
True or false?
Determiners are words that are used to describe head nouns in noun phrases.（68页-71页）
请看下面的例子（课本68页）：
（1）A deer can stand as soon as it is born.
（2）Thousands of visitors come to this museum every year.
（3）The old and the young sometimes find it hard to understand each other.
（4）All the first three winners in the game were Chinese.
（5）This company decides to pay the workers by the hour.
（6）Come and see us whenever you have any time.
（7）To tell you the truth, I do not like either color very much.
（8）I have to read all these books for my course.
请说出上面各句中的名词短语有哪些,注意其中的限定词.
二、限定词的类型（Types of determiners）（69页）
按照它们在指称名词时发挥的不同作用,英语限定词通常可以分为五类：
（一）冠词（articles）：还可分为三类：定冠词（Definite Article）：the；不定冠词（Indefinite Article）：a, an；零冠词（Zero Article）.
（二）物主限定词（possessives）：包括物主代词（Possessive Pronoun）：my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its以及名词属格（Generic Noun）：Tom’s, my mother’s.
（三）指示限定词（demonstratives）：在语义上和定冠词有紧密联系,用来指明所指物的数量以及与说话人的距离远近.定冠词几乎总是非重读的,而指示词却常常需要重读.指示限定词包括：this, that, these, those, such.
（四）量限定词（quantifiers）：指明名词的数量,还可细分为四类：全部（inclusive）（all, each, every, whole）、大量（large quantity）（many, much）、适量或少量（moderate or small quantity）、任意量或否定量（arbitrary/negative member or amount）（any, either, no, neither）.
（五）数词（numerals）：包括基数词（cardinal numerals）、序数词（ordinal numerals）、倍数词（multiplicative numerals）（twice, three times…）和分数词（fractional numerals）（one third, two thirds）.基数词在语义上和量限定词相近,不同之处在于基数词提供具体的数量.序数词指明名词的顺序.
除了上述五类,还有疑问限定词（what, which, whose）和关系限定词（which, whose）.
72页课内练习2；76页课后练习1；
三、限定词在名词短语中的排列顺序（order of determiners in a noun phrase）（69-70）
根据限定词在名词短语中所处的位置,限定词又可分为三种：前位限定词（predeterminers）、中位限定词（central determiners）和后位限定词（post-determiners）.
前位限定词有：1、all, both, half; 2、倍数词double, twice, three times等；3、分数词one-third, two -fifths等.
中位限定词有：1、定冠词和不定冠词；2、物主限定词（物主代词和’s属格名词）；3、指示限定词；4、不定数量词（some, few, no, any, every, each, either, neither）；5、疑问限定词和关系限定词.
后位限定词有：1、基数词；2、序数词（包括一般序数词next, last, past, another, additional, further）；3、封闭数量词（closed-system quantifiers）（few, fewer, several, most, more, many, much, little, less, least）；4、开放数量词（open-system quantifiers）（plenty of, a bit of, a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, a number of以及bags of, heaps of等）.（73页练习5）
（跨类限定词：such, what, many）
从名称可以看出三类限定词的相对位置,当名词前有多个限定词时,它们的顺序是：前+中+后+名词.
请看例句.（70页）
(9) The volunteers came from all the thirty-two provinces, municipalities and regions.
(10) In all your four sentences the singular form is acceptable, but not the plural one.
(11) All these last few days we have been preparing for the qualifying test.
*注意：（70页）
当两个同位限定词一起位于名词前时,有以下几种情况：
1、前位限定词是相互排斥的,在一个名词短语中的中心名词前只能有一个前位限定词,如：all both sides, all half apple, all double hours都是不正确的说法.
2、中位限定词也是相互排斥的.如：the every book, his some books 就不对.
3、后位限定词不互相排斥,请看下列例句：
He will stay here for the first 3 days of the month.
Where will you be during the next few weeks?
I have two more hats than he does.
Many such regulations are also applicable to us.
Another such disaster and he will be ruined.
I’ll be here for another five/few weeks.
The last two pages are missing.
The two last pages are missing.
(Which is wrong?)
The last two pages of this book are missing.
The two last pages of this book are missing.
(Which is wrong?)
The second last page is missing.
The last second page is missing.
True or false?
Functionally speaking, determiners can be subdivided into pre-determiners, central determiners and post-determiners.（71页）
练习（见课本）
补充：
?each与every都有“每个”的意思,但二者含义及语法功能不同,主要区别是：
1. each既可用作形容词,又可用作代词,在句中可以作定语,主语、宾语、同位语、状语等.
Each student has his own dictionary . (形容词,定语)
Each has his good point . (代词,主语)
Our head teacher had a talk with each of us . (代词,宾语)
The students each have a desk . (代词,同位语)
The children can have a bag each . (副词,状语)
2. each与every都可用作形容词,在句中作定语,但each更强调个人或个别,every更强调全体或全部.比较：
I know each number of your family.
I know every number of your family .
3. each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”；every是指许多人或事物 的“全体”,与all的意思相近.试译：
这条街上每边都有很多商店.
［误］There are many shops on every side of the street .
［正］There are many shops on each side of the street .
我给她父母每人一件礼物.
［误］I gave a present to every one of her parents .
［正］I gave a present to each of her parents.
4. 指上下文提到过的确定数目中的“每一个”时,要用each；如果上下文没有提及时,不能用each,要用everyone等.试译：
我认为这三个答案个个都正确.
［误］I think every answer of the three is right .
［正］I think each of the three answers is right .
我看见人人都忙着工作.
［误］I saw each was busy with his work .
［正］I saw everyone was busy with his work .
单元音12
双元音8