实义动词
有完整词汇意义的动词叫做实义动词.实义动词分跟有宾语的及物动词和不跟宾语的不及物动词.连系动词也是实义动词,但连系动词不能单独构成谓语,其后必须跟有表语.
1．及物动词和不及物动词
有些及物动词只有一个宾语（单宾语）,有些可跟间接宾语和直接宾语（双宾语）,或跟宾语和宾语补足语（复合宾语）,例：
I like the book very much．我很喜欢这本书.
My teacher lend me some books．我的老师借给我一些书.（双宾语）
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her．我一接到她的信就通知你.（复合宾语）
而不及物动词不带宾语,例：
The good news soon spread all over the city．好消息很快传遍全城.
许多动词既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词,例：
He turned his head．他把头转过去了.（及物）
She turned and walked to the house．她转身走回家.（不及物）
有些不及物动词与及物动词本义相同,但形式不同,例：
lie 躺（不及物）； lay 放（及物）
The book is lying on the table．书在桌上.
He laid the book on the table．他把书放在桌上.
有些及物动词用反身代词作宾语,我们把它们称为反身动词,例：
He can’t express himself in English．他无法用英语表达自己的想法.
The boy dressed himself quickly．那男孩很快穿好了衣服.
有些不及物动词用作及物动词时需用其同源的名词作宾语,称作同源宾语,例：
He dreamed a sweet dream last night．昨夜他作了个美梦.
The people are living a happy life．人民过着幸福的生活.
She sighed a deep sigh．她深深地叹了一口气.
注意：有些不及物动词后面可接形容词或名词,这时的用法相当于连系动词,例：
The tree grows tall．这棵树长得很高.
He returned an old man after 50 years abroad．在国外过了五十年后他回来时已是个老头了.
实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词
动词从其含义来分,有实义动词(notional verb),连系动词(1ink verb),情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类.
1.实义动词 实义动词有完全的词义,并能独立作谓语动词.
如：The sun shone brightly this morning.今天早晨阳光灿烂.
He likes to go for a long walk on sundays.他喜欢星期日出去作长距离散步.
We have a big TV set in the club.我们俱乐部有台大电视机.
2.连系动词 连系动词在句中作谓语动词,后面跟表语.英语连系动词有be(是),seem(似乎),look(看来),keep(保持),become(变成),get(变得),grow(变得),feel(感到),turn(变得,变成),appear(显得),remain(仍旧是)等.如：
It is never too late to mend.改过不嫌晚.
It was a close game.那场球赛比分很接近.
The children in this nursery look very healthy.这个托儿所的孩子看起来都非常健康.
Keep quiet,please!请安静!,
The tape recorder seems all right.这台录音机好像没有毛病.
Later he became a doctor.他后来成为一名医生.
The problem remained unsolved until last year.问题到去年才解决.
[注一]下面句子中的come和go也是连系动词.如：
The old man's dream has come true.这位老人的梦想实现了.
Something has gone wrong with the truck.卡车出毛病了.
[注二]有些连系动词如seem,appear等后面常跟to be.如：
The new text seens to be easy,but actually it is rather difficult.这篇新课文好像很容易,其实相当难.
She appears to be the girl's sister.她似乎是那女孩的姐姐.
3.情态动词 情态动词有can (能),may (可以,也许),must(必须)等及其过去式could,might等,表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态.情态动词只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词.
[注]关于情态动词详见第十一章.
4.助动词 助动词有shall,will,have,be,should,would,do等.它们只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式,以及否定和疑问等结构中的谓语动词.