宾语从句
1．作及物动词的宾语
① 大部分宾语从句直接跟在动词后.
② 有些宾语从句前要有间接宾语.
③ 当宾语从句（通常是由that 引导的宾语从句）有一宾补时,
常用"it" 作形式宾语,而将宾语从句置于句末.
④ 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中,
如果从句谓语是否定含义,则否定转移,将主句谓语动词
变成否定形式.
⑤ 在think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope等动词以及
I'm afraid 等后,可用so 代一个肯定的宾语从句,还可用
not 代一个否定的宾语从句.
⑥ 在discuss后只用whether.
⑦ suggest,order,insist,demand,＋that clause(should＋V.原形)
⑧ wish＋that clause
⑨ 时态呼应
2．作介词的宾语
① that引导的宾语从句只有在except in, but, besides等少数
介词后偶尔可能用到.
② 介词的宾语从句不能由if 引导,而用whether .
3．作形容词的宾语
以形容词afraid, sure, certain,glad等作表语时,可接一个
that 引导的宾语从句.
1 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导.
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多.
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你.
2方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导.
1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体,例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人.
As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水.
2） as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大.汉译常作"仿佛……似的","好像……似的",例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的.（与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气.）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的.（与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气.）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来.（实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气.）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的.
He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的.
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒.
3 原因状语从句
比较：because, since, as和for
1） because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题.当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since.
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗 号,则可以用for来代替.但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for.
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
4 目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导,例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
5 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导,掌握这两个句型,首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律.
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换.
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
6 条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等..
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种.非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述.
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A. 句意：除非你立即走,否则你就回迟到的.可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late. B、D句意不对,or表转折,句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.
7 让步状语从句
though, although
注意： 当有though, although时,后面的从句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活.
He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老,但仍然努力地工作.
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了.（谚语）
2) as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）.
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词.
b. 句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后.如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前.
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems… 虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意.
3) ever if, even though. 即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or- 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句.
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了.(Whatever you say是主语从句)
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么.
8 比较while, when, as
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词.
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when 引导这个从句,不可用as 或 while.
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as,不用when 或while.
As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去,天气越变越坏.
9 比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同.肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时",动词必须是延续性的.否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事".动词为延续性或非延续性都可 以. 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式.
肯定句：
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了.
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你.
（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到.
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车.
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后,我才会做.
1)Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首.
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告诉我以前,出了什么事我一点也不知道.
2)Until when 疑问句中,until要放在句首.
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候?
--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一.
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示.
(1）Not until …在句首,主句用倒装.
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世纪初,人类才知道热能是什么.
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我开始工作,我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月.
(2) It is / was not until…that…是固定的强调句型,如：
It was not until yesterday that I noticed it. 直到昨天我才注意到此事.
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
直到她取下墨镜,我才意识到她是一位著名影星.
It was not until liberation that he returned to his hometown.
10 表示"一…就…"的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思,例：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
定语从句
一．概念
在复合句中,修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,它所修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句通常跟在先行词的后面.
e.g. The number of people （who/that lost homes） reached as many as
25,000.
It sounded like a train which/that was going under my house.
关系代词有who/whom/which/that等.如果先行词是人,则用关系代词who/whom/that；如果是物,则用关系代词which/that；如果先行词兼代人与物,则用关系代词that.
关系代词代表先行词,其人称和数要与先行词一致.
关系代词who/whom/which/that既起联系作用,应导定语从句使之同主句中的某个名词发生关系,同时又充当定语从句中的一个成分（如作从句的主语或宾语）
关系代词在从句中作宾语时常可以省略.
e.g. The boy (who/whom/that) we saw yesterday was John’s brother.
The car (which/that) my uncle just bought was destoryed in the
earthquake.
定语从句
定语从句比较复杂,一句两句说不清楚,简单的说,你可以分一下几个方面去研究其用法
一,概念
二,先行词
三,引导词
四,限制性非限制性
五,介词的位置
六,引导词的省略
七,引导词用法的区别
八,以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导,而且通常可以省略.
九,定语从句与同位语从句的鉴别