第一句
"that it was because i changed my way of thinking that i completely changed my life"是宾语从句,做动词know后的宾语；而这个宾语从句中,又涉及到一个强调句“it was...that...",被强调的部分''because i changed my way of thinking'',是原因状语从句.
第二句
"where they were going "是宾语从句,做动词ask的宾语（ask+间接宾语+直接宾语,其中the elder 是间接宾语,而where they were going 是直接宾语）