1. 名词复数的规则变化 一般情况 加 -s
以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数.例如：
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es: cities, babies, enemies 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时：
a. 加s,如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es,如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s,如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves,如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves名词复数的不规则变化
1） child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches.单复数同形.如： sheep---sheep deer---deer fish---fish people---people动词后加－ing的规则1．英语动词加-ing,通常是在原形词尾直接加-ing构成：cough—coughing,climb—climbing,stand—standing,fight—fighting2．以-e结尾的动词（1）如果动词原形以一辅音加一不发音的-e结尾,一般应去掉e再加ing：write—writing,hope—hoping,care—caring,stare—staring,plane—planing,have—having,save—saving, produce—producing, breathe—breathing（2）以-ie结尾的动词应先将e去掉,将i变成y然后再加-ing：die—dying,tie—tying,vie—vying,lie—lying（3）以-ee,－oe,－ye结尾的动词加-ing时应保留词尾e：see—seeing,flee—fleeing,free—freeing,agree—agreeing,hoe—hoeing, dye—dyeing,eye—eyeing（4）以-ue结尾的动词大多应先去e再加-ing：sue—suing,imbue—imbuing,construe—construing,pursue—pursuing,rue—ruing有时,词尾e可去掉也可保留：glue—gluing或 glueing,cue—cuing或 cueing, blue—blueing或 bluing,true—truing或trueing,clue—clueing或cluing3．以一元音加一辅音结尾的动词（1）如果动词最后一音节为重读闭音节,最后一个字母需要重复：run—running, stop—stopping, hop—hopping, plan—planning,star—starring, control—controlling但辅音x是个例外,无需重复（x其实起着两个辅音的作用）：tax—taxing,relax—relaxing（2）如果动词最后一个音节为次重读音节,最后一个字母有时也重复：kidnap—kidnapping或kidnaping,program—programming或programing（3）如果动词最后一个音节为非重读音节,最后一个字母大多无需重复：open—opening,offer—offering,audit—auditing但在有些动词中,重复或不重复均可：worship—worshiping或 worshipping,focus—focusing或 focussing,cancel—canceling或cancelling,travel—traveling或travelling