是介词短语做后置定语.water (from the mill's wheel) sprayed in the sunshine.句中water是主语,sprayed(及物动词 vt.喷洒,喷涂 不及物动词 vi.喷;(如浪花般)溅散)在这里是不及物动词,不需宾语.所以water sprayed 是一个完整的句子.(from the mill's wheel)很明显,修饰water(一般,译为 .的,在句中做定语.),所以是定语.状语,跟副词作用一样,不能修饰名词或主语,所以(from the mill's wheel)不是状语.
另外,介词短语做定语的,都可以改为相应的定语从句,比如这句可改为water (which was from the mill's wheel) sprayed in the sunshine.( )内是定语从句.