要耐心看哦O(∩_∩)O哈哈~
定义
1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb).被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb).
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语.
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌.
He has got married. 他已结婚.
b. 表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国.
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他.
e. 加强语气,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会.
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事.
3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
助动词be的用法
1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会.
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要.
2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的.
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语.
3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约.
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生.
说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法.
b. 表示命令,例如:
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释.
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室.
c. 征求意见,例如:
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
d. 表示相约、商定,例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合.
助动词have的用法
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例如:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦.
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半.
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语,已达十年之久.
3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年.
助动词do 的用法
1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评.
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习.
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性.
3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里.
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉.
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does.
4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会.
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了.
I do miss you. 我确实想你.
5) 用于倒装句,例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情.
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性.
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等.
6) 用作代动词,例如:
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢.(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车,对吧?
助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语.
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海.
说明:
在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称.现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来.(shall有命令的意味.)
He will come. 他要来.(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时.)
助动词should,would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么.
比较:
"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周干什么?"我问道.(可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should.)
2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
He said he would come. 他说他要来.
比较:
"I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿."
变成间接引语,就成了:
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would,go变成了come..