独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分.With( without) 的复合结构可以看作是独立主格结构中的一种形式.一、独立主格结构的特点
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在.
2）名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系.
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开.
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
4） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词二、独立主格结构的构成:
名词普通格或代词主格 + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语.
1．名词（或代词） + 现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态.
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略.
The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.
独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,
一是在“There being + 名词”结构中,
二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下.
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.
2．名词（或代词） + 不定式（短语）
不定式表示将来的动作.
He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
3．名词（或代词） + 过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作.
The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
4．名词（或代词） + 形容词（短语）
形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态
The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
5．名词（或代词） + 副词
副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态.
The meeting over, we all went home.
School over, we all went home.
6．名词（或代词） + 介词短语
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
He left the office, tears in eyes.
注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里,当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分.但with 的复合结构不受此限制.例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.三、独立主格结构的作用：多用作状语
1.表示时间
His homework done（=After his homework was done）,
Mary decided to go shopping.
2.表示原因
There being no buses（=Because there were no buses）,we had to walk home.
3.表示条件
Weather permitting（=If weather permits）,we’ll go to play basketball.
4.表示方式或伴随
He sat at the table, head down.
? 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,
? 动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,
? 动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行.
The manager looks worried,many things to be settled.
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
The man lay there, his hands trembling.四、With( without) 的复合结构的构成以及句法功能
（一）、with / without +宾语+宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况:
1. with+名词/代词+形容词
He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.
= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
注意：在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式.
With his son so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy.
With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.
2. with+名词/代词+副词
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
3. with+名词/代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
4. with+名词/代词+动词过去分词
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
5. with+名词/代词+现在分词
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
6. with+名词/代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
（二）、With (without) 的复合结构的句法功能：定语和状语
1. There is a magazine with a modern girl on its cover. (定语)
2. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. (伴随状语)
3 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.（原因状语）
4．With the signal given, the train started.
= After the signal was given, the train started. （时间状语）