It用法小结
it在英语语法中属人称代词,意思是“它”,用来指人以外的一切生物和事物.它的用法不仅不简单,而且很复杂.
一、用于指人以外的一切生物、无生命的东西和事情.
一般指说话者心目中已经了解或所指的生物、无生命的东西或事情、没有性别的区分;可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词,在句子中既可作主语,也可以作宾语.
1.指动物和植物.如:
—Oh,that's Lucy's hat.噢,那是露茜的帽子.
—It looks like a cat!它看上去像只猫!
Where's tea grown?It's grown in the southeast of China.
什么地方种植茶?中国东南部种植茶.
2.指代一些无生命的东西.如:
Is it your watch?这是你的手表吗?
Look at the rain!It's heavy,isn't it?看这雨!雨很大,对吗?
3.代替上文提到过的整个事情.如:
Well,you mustn't play on the road.It's dangerous.哦,你不能在公路上玩.这太危险了!
It was hard work,but they really enjoyed it.摘苹果是艰苦活,可他们都乐意去干(它).
二、用于指代人.
1.指代说话者心目中不太清楚的那个人,常在打电话或敲门时用.如:
—Who was it?是谁(打来的电话)?
—Was it Susan?(打电话的)是苏珊吗?
—Yes,it was.是的,我是.(根据上下句,“it was”也可不译出来.)
再如:—Who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门?
—It's me.是我.
2.指说话者心目中的那个人.如:
—Is it your sister,Kate?(那旧照片上的 baby)是你姐姐凯特吧?
—No!不是.
—Is it your brother?是你哥哥吧?
—No!不是.
—I know—it's you!我知道了,(那)是你.
3.指代性别不详的婴幼儿或在不计较性别时,也可用it来指人.如
The child smiled when it saw its mother.这小孩一见到母亲就笑了.
I don't know who it is.我不知道他是谁.
注意:看到这样的句子(或听到这样的话)时,要想一想,不要一看到it就把它译成“它”.)
4.在回答用指示代词表示人的特殊问句时,常用it指人.如:
—Who's that?那人是谁?
—Is it Kate?是凯特吗?
—Yes,I think you're right.It's Kate.是的,我想你说对了,是凯特.
三、用于指时间、距离和自然现象等.
1.表示时间.如:
—What time is it?几点钟?
—It's ten.十点钟.
It's summer in Australia now.现在澳大利亚是夏天.
特别注意it用于表示时间时还常见于以下两个句型中:
(1)It's time(for sb.)to do sth./It's time for sth.译为“是(某人)该干……的时间了”、“到……的时候了”.如:
It's time for supper/to have supper.是吃晚饭的时候了.
I think it's time for us to start the lesson now.我想现在是我们开始上课的时候了.
(2)It is /has been +时间段+since +一般过去时.译为“自从……以来已过了……(时间)”.此结构可以与另一种句型进行同义句转换.如:
It has been two weeks since we met last.= Two weeks has passed since we met last.自从我们上次相遇以来,两个星期过去了.
It's three years since he came here.=It has been three years since he came here.=He has been here for three years.他到这里已经三年了.
2.表示距离.如:
It's half an hour's walk from my home to the school.从我家到学校步行得花半小时时间.
—Where's the farm,Li Lei?Is it far?李雷,农场在哪里?远吗?
—No,it's quite near.不,(距)离这很近.
3.表示自然现象.如:
Sometimes it snows and the land is all white.有时下雪,大地一片白.
It is very quiet here at the moment.眼下这儿很安静.
四、用作形式主语.
英语中常常见到某个句子以it开头,it与其后面的动词不定式短语、动名词短语、名词性从
句等相呼应,以表达一个完整的意义.这是一种习惯表达法,这样的句式可避免句子显得头重脚轻.
1.It+is/was+形容词+(for/of sb.)+动词不定式短语.对于这个句型中究竟用 for还是用of,一般遵循这样的规则:如果形容词仅仅是描述事物的形容词,如:difficult, easy,hard,important,dangerous等用for;如果形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的,如:kind,good,nice,clever等则用of.如:
It is interesting to play with snow in winter.冬季里玩雪是很有趣的.
It's important for us to keep the water clean.保持水质清洁对我们来说是很重要的.
It's very kind of you to say so.你这样说真是太好了.
注意:这一句式中的形容词位置也可换用名词;连系动词be也可换用其它连系动词,如feel等.如:
It's a good habit to get up early and go to bed early.早睡早起是好习惯.
It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship.乘宇宙飞船飞往月球一定很有趣.
It feels strange to have a twin sister.有个孪生姐妹感觉很奇怪.
2.It +will be/is /was +形容词+动名词短语.如:
It's bad playing in the street.在街上玩是没好处的.
Is it any good trying again?再试一次有用吗?
3.It+is/was+形容词+从句.如:
It is certain that he will come.他一定会来.
It's true that he may fall behind the other students.他真的可能落后于其他同学.
It is strange that he should say so.他居然这么说,真是奇怪.
4.It +is /was +one's turn(duty,pleasure) +to do sth.意为“该轮到某人做某事(做某事是某人的责任、愉悦的事)”.如:
It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow.明天轮到你值日了.
5.It takes(sb.)some time to do sth.意为“(某人)花……时间做某事”.如
It took me a week to finish reading the book.我花了一周时间看完这本书.
6.It +cost/costs +sb.+some money +to do sth.译为“某人花多少钱做某事”.如:
It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch.我买这块新手表花了260元.
7.It seems /seemed +从句.译为“看起来好像……”,此结构可以转换成“seem +动词不定式”形式.如:
It seems that he is ill.=He seems to be ill.看起来他好像病了.
五、用作形式宾语.
当句子的真正宾语是动词不定式、动名词或从句时,为避免句子头重脚轻,须将其放在宾语补足语之后,改用先行词it占据其原来的位置.it用作形式宾语的句型为:主语+谓语+it+宾语补足语+动词不定式/动名词/从句.该句型中宾语补足语可由形容词、名词等充当.如:
He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well.他发现学好一门外语是不容易的.
We think it no good reading in bed.我们认为躺在床上看书无益处.
I think it necessary that we have the meeting.我认为开这个会是必要的.