英语中如何区分现在完成时和过去完成时

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  • 现在完成时与过去完成时的区别

    学生往往在初学现在完成时和过去完成时感到比较容易掌握,但在实际运用中却难以准确把握.究其原因 主要是对两者的 区别认识不清.下面将两者的 区别概括总结如下:(一)从概念上区别:1)现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果或影响,也可指过去开始 延续到现在的动作或状态.2)过去完成时表示在过去某一动作或时间 以前已发生或完成的 动作,也可指从过去某时开始 到过去某时为止的 动作或状态,即“过去的 过去”.(二)从结构上区别 现在完成时:主语 + have / has + 过去分词 (肯定式) 主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词 (否定式) Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 (疑问式) 过去完成时:主语 + had + 过去分词 (肯定式) 主语 +had + not + 过去分词 (否定式) Had + 主语 + 过去分词 (疑问式) (三)从时间 状语区别 现在完成时:常用的 时间 状语包括 “now,today,tonight,this week,this year,already,yet,just,recently…etc”.过去完成时:常用的 时间 状语包括 “by,at,before等构成的 短语”.注意:当表示一段时间 ,现在完成时和过去完成时都可以用for 或since引导的 状语.例如:Have you had your lunch yet?你吃午饭了吗?Yes,I have .I’ve just had it.是的 ,我刚吃完.I have had a clock now.我现在有一个闹钟了.Have you already posted the photos?你把照片寄走了吗?The meeting had begun when we got there.我们到那儿时,会议已经开始 了.We had learned about 5000English words by the end of last term.到上学期末我们已经学了5000个英语单词.They had done the work at five o’clock.在五点钟的 时候他们已经完成了那项工作.I’ve known Li Lei for three years.我认识李蕾已经三年了.I have worked here since ten years ago.自从十年前我就在这工作.We had not heard from him since we left here.自从我们离开以来一直没有收到他的 来信.They had then been without sleep for twenty-four hours.这时他们已经有24个小时没有合眼了.(四)使用时注意事项 使用现在完成时应该注意:1.“ have/ has got ”形式上是一种完成时,但和have/ has 为同一意义,即 “有”.例如:Have you got a pen-friend?你有笔友吗?Yes,I have.是的 ,我有.Has he got a lot of work to do?他有许多工作要做吗?No,he hasn’t.不,他没有.2.have/ has gone to 与 have/has been to 的 区别 have/ has gone to 强调“去而未归”; have/ has been to 强调“去而归还”.have/ has been to常和once,twice,never,ever连用; have/ has gone to则不可.例如:— Have Jack ever been to Beijing?杰克去过北京 — Yes,he’s been there several times.是的 ,他去过好几次了.— Where have Mary and Tom gone?玛丽和汤姆去哪里了?— They’ve gone to London.他们去伦敦了.3.非延续性动词不能用于“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间 的 状语”的 句型中.这类动词有:come,go,start,leave,die,buy,finish,join,borrow,stop等.但它们能够 用表示持续状态的 相应的 延续性动词替换句中的 终止性动词.例如:arrive,come → be here,be in begin,start → be on buy → have die → be dead fall asleep(ill) → be asleep (ill) finish,end → be over get to know → know get up → be up go out → be out join → be in ,be a + 名词 leave,move → be away,be out of 使用过去完成时应该注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时.例如:When she came into the room,she found them sitting together singing.她 进屋时看见他们坐在一起唱歌.After we said good-bye to our friends,we left the village.在和朋友告别之后我们就离开村子.