直接引语和间接引语（Direct Speech and indirect Speech) 1
关键词：英语语法,
直接引述别人的原话,叫直接引语.用自己的话转述别人的话,叫间接引语.间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句.直接引语一般前后要加引号,间接引语不用引号.
例如：Mr Black said, “I'm busy” 布莱克先生说：“我很忙”（直接引语）
Mr Black said that he was busy. 布莱克先生说他很忙.（间接引语）
1 陈述句 直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导（that在口语中常省略）,从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应变化.在这一方面,汉语和英语有许多相似之处,因此,在做直接引语和间接引语转换练习时,要特别注意句子的意义.
1）人称的变化
a) He said, “I like it very much.”他说：“我非常喜欢它.”
He said that he liked it very much.他说他非常喜欢它.
b) He saidto me, “I've left my book in your room.” 他对我说：“我把书放在你的房间里了.”
He told me that he had left his book in my room.他告诉我他把书放在我的房间里了.
2）时态的变化 如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变间接引语时,从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化.如主句的谓语动词是现在时,从句的时态则无需变化.
时态的变化
例句 直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
→一般过去时
He said, “I'm afraid I can't finish this work.”
He said that he was afraid he couldn't finish that work.
现在进行时
→过去进行时
He said, “I'm using theknife.”
He said that he was using the knife.
现在完成时
→过去完成时
She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”
She said that she had not heard from him since May.
一般过去时
→过去完成
He said, “I came to help you.”
He said that he had come to help me.
过去完成时不变
He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”
He said that he had finished his homework before supper.
3)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化：
变化
例句直接引语
间接引语
this-that
这个-那个
She said, “Iwill come this morning."
She said that she would go that morning.
these-those
这些=那些
He said, "These books are mine."
He said that those books were his.
now-then
现在-那时
He said, "It is nine 0'clock now."
He said that it was nine 0'clock then.
today-that day
今天-那天
He said, "I haven't seen her today."
He said that he hadn't seen her that day.
yesterday-
the day before
昨天-前一天
she said, "I went there yesterday."
She said that she had gone there the day before.
tomorrow-
the next
(following) day
明天-第二天
she said, "I'll go there tomorrow."
She said that she would go there the next (following) day.
here-there
这里-那里
come-go
来-去
注：（1）直接引语如果是客观真理,变为间接引语时,时态不变.如：
He said, "Light travels much faster than sound."
He said that light travels much faster than sound.
(2)如果在当地转述,here 不必改为there,动词come 不必改为go. 如果在当天转述yesterday, tomorrow 等时间状语也不必改变.
直接引语变间接引语.见下表.
分类 连接词 例句 注意事项 补充说明
当直接引语为“陈述句”时 连接词：that
（口语中常常省略） He says, “ I will go to the park tomorrow.”
--He says (that) he will go to the park tomorrow.
He said, “ I will go to the park tomorrow.”
--He said (that) he would go to the park tomorrow.
He said to me, “ you can help her.”
--He said to me (that) I could help her.. 1. 连接词：that
2. 人称：1主,2宾,3不变
3. 时态. 1. 黑体部分是连接词.斜体部分为间接引语部分.
2. 间接引语部分均为陈述语序.
3. 间接引语部分实际上是宾语从句,连接词之间的叫主句.
4. 当主句是一般现在时态,间接引语部分与直接引语的时态相同.
5. 当主句是一般过去时态,间接引语部分变为相应的过去时态.
当直接引语是“一般疑问句”时. 连接词：
if或者whether.
可译为：是否 He asked me, “Are you good at math?’
---He asked me if I was good at math.
He asked Amy, “ Do you love me?”
---He asked Amy whether she loved him.
He asks me, “Is she reading?”
---He asks me if she is reading. 1. 连接词：if , whether
2. 语序：改为“陈述语序”.
（去掉：Do, Does, Did
改变Are, Is, Will, Can…位置）
3. 人称：1主,2宾,3不变
4. 时态.
当直接引语为“特殊疑问句”时. 连接词：
直接引语中的特殊疑问词. He asked his wife, “How are you?”
---He asked his wife how she was.
He asked me , “ What color do you like?”
---He asked me what color I liked.
He asks me, “ where will she go 3 days later.”
---He asks me where she will go 3 days later. 1. 连接词：特殊疑问词
2. 语序：改为“陈述语序”.
（去掉：Do, Does, Did
改变Are, Is, Will, Can…位置）
3. 人称：1主,2宾,3不变
4. 时态.
当直接引语为“祈使句”时 没有连接词.用: ask(tell) sb. to do sth改写.或tell (ask) sb. not to do sth. 改写 He said to Amy, “Be careful!”
--He asked Amy to be careful.
He shouted, “ Lily, Close the door.”
--He told Lily to close the door.
He said to me, “Don’t be late.”
--He asked me not to be late. 1. 不用连接词
2. 不改变时态.
3. 无须考虑语序
4. 人称：1主,2宾,3不变 1. 斜体部分为间接引语部分.
2.间接引语部分是动词不定式,在句中作宾语补足语.
重点概括：
直接引语变间接引语有着时态,人称,时间状语,地点状语的变化.
1.时态变化：
直接引语： 一般现在时间接引语： 一般过去时
直接引语： 现在进行时间接引语： 过去进行时
直接引语： 一般将来时间接引语： 过去将来时
直接引语： 现在完成时间接引语： 过去完成时
直接引语： 一般过去时间接引语： 过去完成时
2．人称变化：
She asked Jack,"Where have you been?"
She asked Jack where he had been．
3．指示代词的变化：
thisthat；thesethose
He said," These books are mine．"
He said that those books were his．
4．时间状语的变化：
nowthen；
todaythat day；
yesterdaythe day before；
tomorrowthe next day／the following day
My father said,“I worked here twenty years ago．"
My father said that he had worked there twenty years before．
5．地点状语的变化：
herethere
He asked me,“How can I get here?"
He asked me how he could get there.
直接引语变间接引语的句式变化：
1．陈述句：间接引语用that连接或that连接词省略.
2．一般疑问句：间接引语用if或whether, said改为asked,句子用陈述语序.
3．特殊疑问句：间接引语用原来的特殊疑问词引导,句子用陈述句语序.
4．语法知识归纳
直接引语的祈使句变间接引语的方法：
要将祈使句动词原形变为带“to”的不定式,并且在不定式的前面根据意思加上tell,ask,order等词,如果是否定式,不定式前面加"not".
"Open the window," the teacher said to the boy．
The teacher told the boy to open the window．
"Tell him to come in," the boss said to the secretary．
The boss told the secretary to tell him to come in．
"Don't leave the door open," he said．
He told us not to leave the door open.