您问的问题,是英语学习中的倒装,建议您自己看语法书,那样才比较详细和系统.
但是您这里提到的问题,我可以先简单回答一下.
hardly had we got on the bus when it bagan to rain ,其中hardly是否定副词,否定副词提前到句首,进行部分倒装.这句话正常语序是We had hardly got on the bus when it bagan to rain.(中文大意:我们几乎还没来得及上车,就开始下雨了)
under no circumstance should we do anything that.这句里面,介词短语至于句首,也进行倒装,本句倒装只需要把助动词提前就可以.
希望我的回答对你有帮助.