你的问题主要集中在以下两个方面——
一、not 是副词,用来修饰动词、形容词或副词.
1) 与动词连用构成否定句(例句略)
2) 用于表示对刚提及的单词、词组或从句的否定,其实就是一种重复信息的省略.如你提到的例句:
例句4:Who is next?Not me.(= the nextis not me 的省略)
例句5:Some more?Not for me,thanks.再来点吗?我不要了,(= Do you have some more?I do not have any more for me 的省略)
另如——
'Have you found Paula?'—'I'm afraid not,Kate.' “你找到葆拉了吗?”——“很遗憾,没有,凯特.”
At first I really didn't care whether he came or not. 起先我真的不在乎他是否会来.
3) 用在综括词 all,every,always,often 表示部分否定
All is not gold that glitters.闪光的未必都是金子.
he could not always afford a babysitter.她并不是总能请得起临时保姆.
4) 用于 a 或 one 前加强语气.如你提出的例句:
例句1:I have notone word of comfort.我连一句安慰的话也没有.
例句2:Not one ofthem has been turned to stone yet.他们中不止一个被变成了石头.
例句3:Not onesingle bloody letter.
例句6:He didn'tspeak to me--not one word
另如——
The houses are beautiful,but there's no shop, not even apub to go into.这些房子很漂亮,但周围没有商店,甚至连一个酒馆都没有.
I sent report after report.But not one word waspublished.我寄了一篇又一篇的报告,但一个字都没有发表.
二、no 是有两种词性
1) 形容词,用来否定名词修饰名词,如:
No words can describe the scene.任何言词均不能描绘那景色.
No one can do it.没有人能作此事.
2)副词
用在形容词、副词的比较等级前,表示“并不/毫不”,如:
We went no farther than the bridge.我们走到桥头就不再往前走了.
The sick man is no better.那病人一点也没有好转.
用在形容词前表示一种委婉的说法,如:
We suffered in no small measure on thisaccount.由于这个,我们受了不小的损失
He told us in no uncertain terms not tocome again.他直截了当地告诉我们不要再来了.
There are no blasted letters today.今天没有收到任何烦人的信.
另外,none 是不定代词,指代 “:无一人/无人”,只用于主语、宾语或表语.