过去式：一般情况下,动词词尾加 -ed ,如：
worked played wanted acted
以不发音的 -e 结尾动词,动词词尾加 -d,如：
lived moved decided declined hoped judged raised wiped
以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词,把-y变为-i 再加-ed,如：
studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加 -ed,如：
stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped
动名词：1 一般情况下,直接在动词后加－ing （现在进行时）work ---- working study ----- studying
2 动词以不发音的－e结尾,要去－e加－ing take ----- taking make ----- making
3 重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加－ing cut ----- cutting put begin
4 以－ie结尾的动词,把变成y再加－ing lie ----- lying tie ----- tying die ----- dying