关系代词
1） 关系代词用来引导定语从句.它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹.（该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语.）
2） 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分.在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表：
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如：
This is the pencil whose point is broken.
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔.
(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书.
（which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略）
3） 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如：
He said he saw me there,which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言.
说明：关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略,例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了.
He's changed.He's not the man he was.
他变化很大,已不是过去的他了.
关系副词
1.关系副词兼有副词与连接词两种作用.
2.关系副词所引导的形容词子句用于修饰主要子句中的某一名词或代名词,被修饰的词称作先行词,关系副词要放在先行词之后.
3.关系副词主要有四个,即when,where,why,how.此外the也可作关系副词引导副词子句.
Would you please tell me the way how I can get to the zoo?
你能告诉我去动物园的路吗?
the way是先行词.
This is the place where(that) I first met her.
这是我第一次见到她的地方.
在口语中that可以充当关系副词,代替when,why,how,只有先行词是the place时,才可代替where.
A:When should we start to work?
B:The sooner (we start),the better (it will be).
我们该开什么时候应始工作?越早越好.
the作关系副词是引导副词子句,句子结构一般为:The+比较级...+the+比较级...,第一个the是关系副词.
4.time,day,year,place,house,reason,way等作先行词时可以被省略,其后的子句不再是形容词子句,而变成名词子句或副词子句.
中文:这是他出生的地方.
This is where he was born.
where he was born是名词子句.
This is the place where he was born.
where he was born是形容词子句.
中文:我将在第一次见到她的地方见她.
I'll meet her at the place where I first met her.
where I first met her是形容词子句.
I'll meet her where I first met her.
where I first met her是副词子句.
5.关系副词有限定用法,指的是关系副词引导的形容词子句只修饰先行词.
We were very happy in those days when we studied in school.
我们在学校里上学的那些日子里很快乐.
6.关系副词有补述用法,即关系副词引导的是对等子句而不是形容词子句,主要用于对主要子句中的不足之处加以补充,前面都要加逗点与主要子句分开.
Tom got married the day before yesterday,when it was his birthday too.
汤姆前天结婚了,那天也是他的生日.
7.wherever,whenever,however是复合关系副词,表示"不论",引导一个修饰主要子句里的动词的副词子句,可加强语气或表示让步.
Wherever he goes,he would bring an umbrella with him.
不论他去那里,他都带着一把雨伞.