人工智能
Artificial intelligence
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"AI" redirects here.For other uses,see AI (disambiguation).
Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue,the first machine to win a chess match against a reigning world champion.
Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue,the first machine to win a chess match against a reigning world champion.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is both the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it.
Major AI textbooks define artificial intelligence as "the study and design of intelligent agents,"[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success.[2] AI can be seen as a realization of an abstract intelligent agent (AIA) which exhibits the functional essence of intelligence.[3] John McCarthy,who coined the term in 1956,[4] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."[5]
Among the traits that researchers hope machines will exhibit are reasoning,knowledge,planning,learning,communication,perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[6] General intelligence (or "strong AI") has not yet been achieved and is a long-term goal of AI research.[7]
AI research uses tools and insights from many fields,including computer science,psychology,philosophy,neuroscience,cognitive science,linguistics,ontology,operations research,economics,control theory,probability,optimization and logic.[8] AI research also overlaps with tasks such as robotics,control systems,scheduling,data mining,logistics,speech recognition,facial recognition and many others.[9] Other names for the field have been proposed,such as computational intelligence,[10] synthetic intelligence,[10] intelligent systems,[11] or computational rationality.[12]
电子商务
Electronic commerce,commonly known as e-commerce,consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet.A wide variety of commerce is conducted in this way,spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer,supply chain management,Internet marketing,online transaction processing,electronic data interchange (EDI),inventory management systems,and automated data collection systems.Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle,although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.
A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website,but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way.Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail.Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.
Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as Business-to-business or B2B.B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g.commodity exchange) or limited to specific,pre-qualified participants (private electronic market).
Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business.It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.