状语(adverbial)是句子的重要修饰成分.状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制.在不同的语言中“状语”有不同的作用.中文状语是动词或形容词前面的连带成分,用来修饰、限制动词或形容词,表示动作的状态、方式、时间、处所或程度等;德语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子;英语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等状语的功能：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等.
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当.其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中.
副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念.
1.副词一般在句子中做状语．
He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.中的very是程度副词,用来修饰well.very well是修饰speak的程度状语.
He is playing under the tree.他在树下玩儿.中的under the tree是地点状语.
2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语.
I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.
3.介词短语
Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.
The boy was praised for his bravery.
4.从句作状语
When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.
If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
5.分词作状语
Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper.
Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.
6.词组作状语
She jumped ten feet. 她跳了十英尺远.的句子成分.
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