一、情态动词的语法特征
(1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生.
(2)情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式.
(3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s.
(4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式、分词、动名词等形式.
高考重点要求:
1、情态动词的基本用法
2、情态动词表示推测的语义差别
3、情态动词后接不定式完成体的不同意义
4、虚拟语气中情态动词的用法
知识点扫描
一、情态动词
(一)情态动词种类
1. can表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”、“技能”或根据客观条件能做某种动作的“可能性”, 但表示人的体力或智力的具体动作时须用 be able to .
He was able to do that without any help.他不需要任何帮助就能完成这项工作.
2. may表示“允许,可以”,相当于be allowed to .
may或might可和as well连用,表示“建议”,译为“还是……的为好”
You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man. 你们还是离那疯子远点为好.
You might as well go home now.你还是现在回家为好.
3. must表示“必须”或“应当”、“一定”.
4. have to 加动词原形,表示“不得不”,“必须”,它比must更强调客观.
Tom had to work into the deep night every day to earn a living. 汤姆为了生计每天都得工作到深夜.
5. should 表示“劝告”,“建议”或“义务”时,译作“应当”,或表示“预测”和“可能”.
He should take care of his parents as they are old enough not to live on themselves. 由于父母亲老了,不能自理,他应当照顾他们.
He should be there now. 他应该在那儿.
should have done在虚拟语气中表示“责备或后悔”.
6. ought ,只有一种形式,且ought后必须加to,然后跟接动词原形表示“有义务”或“必要”做某事,译为“应当,应该”.
7. dare 可以用作情态动词,后面跟不带to的动词不定式,这主要用于否定句中,它本身可有现在时第三人称单数,词尾加s,它还可以有ing分词形式(daring)和过去式及ed分词形式(dared).
(二)情态动词在一般时否定句中的用法
can't(cannot) 表示“不可能”, may not 表示“不可以”, mustn't(must not) 表示“一定不要”,“不许可”,needn't (need not) 表示“不必”,dare not +动词原形表示“不敢”.
He can't finish his essay by this time. 现在他不可能写完论文.
He may not sleep now. 他或许现在没在睡觉.
You mustn't criticize her in that way. 你不应那样批评她.
You needn't come tomorrow. 你明天没必要来了.
He dared not meet his fiancée. 他不敢见女朋友.
(三)can,may,must三者用法比较
can,may,must是三个最重要的情态动词,其基本句型如下:
肯定句:主语+can,may,must +动词原形
否定句:主语+can,may,must +not +动词原形
疑问句:Can,May,Must +主语+动词原形
1. can,may,must的肯定句
You may eat lunch,but you must wash your hands.
你可以吃饭,但是你必须洗手.
(1)can
a.表示能力;能,会
She can run fast,but I can't.
她很会跑,但是我不会.
b.表示可能;能够
I can get there in ten minutes.
我十分钟之后就可以到那儿.
(表示一种可能性)
c.表示允许;许可
You can use this dictionary.
你可以用这本字典.
d.can和be able to比较
can只有现在式和过去式,而be able to可以用于各种时态.
can(could)表示能力时,可用be able to代替.
I can(=am able to)pay for the book. 我买得起那本书.
He will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了.
She has been able to come to school. 她已经能去学校了.
(2)may
a.表示请求、许可
May I borrow your pen?
我可以借你的钢笔用一用吗?
b.可能、或许
Tomorrow I may go shopping.
明天,我可能(或许)去商店买东西.
He might be our new teacher.
他或许是我们的新老师.
(3)must
a.必须、应该(表示有做某一动作的必要或义务)
You must buy a ticket.
你必须买一张票.
b.一定、准是(表示有把握的判断或推测,一般只用于肯定句中)
在You must这一句型中,它的意思与祈使句相同.
You must get up early. =Get up early.
你必须早起.
You must study hard. =Study hard.
你必须用功读书.
He must be our new teacher.
他肯定是我们的新老师.
2.表示推测的用法
can , could ,may ,might ,must 皆可用来表示推测,其用法如下:
a.could ,might 表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can ,may.
b.can ,could 用于否定句和疑问句中.
句型:主语+ can't , couldn't +be +动词ing.(否定句)
Can ,Could +主语 +be +动词 ing.(疑问句)
They can't be cleaning the room now.他们现在不可能在打扫房间.
c.may ,might , must 用在肯定句中.
句型:主语+ may ,might ,must +be +动词 -ing
(表示对现在发生动作的推测)
He must be sleeping . 他现在肯定在睡觉.
d.但如果上述这些词 (must ,can't… ) + have +过去分词则指对过去已发生的事进行推测.
The road is wet. It must have rained last night .
地是湿的;昨天晚上肯定下雨了.
There isn't any water on the road . It (can't ) couldn't have rained last night .
地面上一个水滴都没有,昨天不可能下雨了.
(四) have to的用法
1. have(has)to +动词原形
have(has)to后面要用动词原形.当主语为第三人称单数时用has to,当句子是过去时用had to.
We have to leave now.
我们不得不现在就离开.
He has to work on Sunday.
他不得不在周日工作.
I had to do my homework last Sunday.
上周日,我不得不做作业.
2. have to的否定句
句型:主语+don't(doesn't, didn’t, will not)have to+动词原形
You don't have to walk so fast.
你不必走那么快.
He will not have to buy a new coat next year.
明年,他没必要买新外衣了.
3. have to的疑问句
句型:Do(Does, Did, Will)+主语+have to +动词原形?
Do you have to study maths now?
你现在必须学数字吗?
Yes,I do.是的,必须学.
No,I don't(have to).不,不必学.
Did he have to ask the question?
他非要问那个问题吗?
Yes,he did.是的.
No,he didn't(have to).不.
4. must与have to比较
must侧重于个人意志和主观上的必要,have to侧重于客观上的必要.如果用于过去时态或将来时态时,则要用have to的相应时态来代替must.但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务.
My brother was very ill,so I had to call for the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来.(一般过去时)
I haven't got any money with me,so I'll have to borrow some from my friend.
我身上没有钱,只好向朋友借点了.(一般将来时)
He said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作.