x²-y²-2xz+z²-a²-2ay
=(x²-2xz+z²)-(a²+2ay+y²)
=(x-z)²-(a+y)²
=[(x-z)+(a+y)][(x-z)-(a+y)]
=(x-z+a+y)(x-z-a-y)
(x²-4y²)+(4y-1)
=x²-4y²+4y-1
=x²-(4y²-4y+1)
=x²-(2y-1)²
=[x+(2y-1)][x-(2y-1)]
=(x+2y-1)(x-2y+1)
x²-y²-2xz+z²-a²-2ay
=(x²-2xz+z²)-(a²+2ay+y²)
=(x-z)²-(a+y)²
=[(x-z)+(a+y)][(x-z)-(a+y)]
=(x-z+a+y)(x-z-a-y)
(x²-4y²)+(4y-1)
=x²-4y²+4y-1
=x²-(4y²-4y+1)
=x²-(2y-1)²
=[x+(2y-1)][x-(2y-1)]
=(x+2y-1)(x-2y+1)