1.Blair and Johnson investigated the occurrence of birds along urbanization gradients and the key role of sub-urban habitats as entry point for invasive bird species into urban systems and as point of extirpation for woodland species.
2.For instance, species richness and Shannon diversity of butterflies peaked at moderately disturbed sites across an urban-Crural gradient in California (Blair and Launer 1997). The pattern has also been documented for birds (Jokima¡§ki and Suhonen 1993), but studies on carabid beetles have shown controversial results (e.g., Niemela¡§ et al. 2002).
3.He showed that numbers of native species correlate positively with areas of green space of high nature conservation value.
4.Neophytes and casuals correlated positively with semi-natural green space. It has been shown that urban areas are prone to invasion by exotic species.
5.Cillier et al. address this issue by studying exotic plant species invasion patterns in native grassland patches surrounded by urban and rural landscapes.
6.Two distinct patterns of exotic species invasion were identified,namely invasion from the edge where the cover of exotic species increased with increasing proximity to the edge,and a pattern suggesting that gap phase vegetation dynamics may drive exotic species invasion at urban grasslands.
7.Results indicate that landscape composition and configuration are important in explaining land cover change and avian species response to landscape change. Snep and Ottburg develop a planning and design strategy-the "habitat backbone"-with which to support the long-term survival of pioneer species that occur in ports and have low dispersal abilities.
8.They conclude that a network of patches at (semi-) public land, defined as the "backbone", with an overall carrying capacity sufficient to support persistent populations, can protect species such as the natterjack toad (Bufo cal-amita) in dynamic port environments.
9.Urban ecosystems are governed by human actions, and it is important to consider these actions when studying urban ecology.
10.The papers in the special issue demonstrate ways in which human interventions can be included in ecological studies and how ecological studies can provide a basis for urban planning for the benefit of urban residents and biodiversity.
11.
At least the following key topics for future research emerge from the papers of this special issue:
1.Blair和约翰逊沿城市化梯度研究鸟类的发生和作为入境纳入城市系统入侵鸟种点市郊栖息地的关键作用,并作为林地的物种灭绝点.
另针对实例,物种丰富度和Shannon城市过的高峰,在小腿梯度适度干扰地在加利福尼亚州（布莱尔和劳纳1997）蝴蝶的多样性.这种模式也被记录在案的鸟类（Jokima ¡ § KI和Suhonen 1993年）,但步甲的研究显示争议的结果（例如,Niemela ¡ §等.2002年）.
3他表明,本地物种的数量与相关自然保育价值高的绿色空间领域的积极评价.
4.Neophytes和临时工呈正相关的半自然的绿色空间.它已经表明,城市地区是由外来物种入侵容易.
5.Cillier等.研究解决外来植物入侵物种天然草地的模式这一问题的补丁包围城市和农村的景观.
外来物种入侵6.Two不同的模式已经确定,即从边缘入侵那里的日益临近边缘增加外来物种盖,并暗示这一差距的模式相植被动态可能驱动草原城市外来物种入侵.
7.Results表明,景观构成和配置解释土地覆盖变化和鸟类景观变化的重要回应. Snep和Ottburg发展的规划和设计战略,在“人居骨干”与它支持的先锋树种发生在港口和扩散能力低的长期生存.
他们详细地得出结论,即在网络的补丁（半）公共土地,作为“骨干”的定义,整体承载能力,足以支持持久人群,如natterjack蟾蜍（蟾蜍卡尔-阿米）在可以保护品种动态端口的环境.
9.Urban生态系统是由人的行动,它是重要的考虑因素时,这些行动研究城市生态.
十,在特殊问题的论文中,展示人类的干预可以包含在生态研究,以及如何为市区规划的城镇居民和生物多样性的基础上进行生态研究的方法.
11.
至少,为今后的研究重点课题后摆脱这一特殊问题的文件：