动词原型
1 什么是动词原型
对于动词的概念,比较容易理动词就是表示动作的词.但补充一点:英语中,有些动词表示的是一种存在的状态,不能用眼睛直接看到它的动作.例如:I have a bike. (我有一本书.)He is a student.(他是一个学生.)例句中,“have/has”(有)、“am/is/are”(是)等都是动词,但我们看不出它的动作.
什么叫动词原型呢?简单地说:就是英语词典里面给出的词.我们知道,在英语中作为谓语的动词,要根据不同时间(过去、现在、将来)进行必要的变化.例如:go(去)有现在基本的形式:
went(过去时) go(现在时)goes(现在时第三人称单数) shall/will go(将来时).
动词原型就是指没有进行任何变化的那个词,也就是说最原来的一个词.在上例中就是go.
我们再举一些例子:
be(是) was/were(过去时) am/is/are(现在时) shall/will be(将来时)
walk(走) walked(过去时) walk/walks(现在时)shall/will walk(将来时)
have(有) had(过去时) have/has(现在时) shall/will have(将来时)
2、动词原型的用法
在英语句子中,很多时候都要用到动词原型.这里,我们以一般现在时为主,简单地介绍一下.
英语中,动词本身可以直接表示出是什么时候时间发生的动作.一般现在时表示的是目前经常发生的动作.那它的谓语动词怎么变化的呢?
(1)如果是第三人称而且是单数的话,它的谓语动词要在词尾加s, es, ies.(具体方法见有关文章.)
例如:
He gets up early every morning. (get加了s,表示一般现在时.)
After breakfast Mr. Li goes to work by bus. (go加了es,表示一般现在时.)
She studies English at school. (study变成了studies,表示一般现在时.)
(2)在一般现在时里,第三人称单数改成疑问句时要在句首加一个does.这个does叫做助动词,表示疑问;而句中原先的已经加了s,es的词,则不需要再进行变化了,要用原型动词(即没有变化的动词).
例如:
肯定句:He gets up early every morning. (get加了s,表示一般现在时.)
疑问句:Does he get up early every morning. (get去掉了s,即成了原型动词.)
肯定句:She studies English at school. (study变成了studies,表示一般现在时.)
疑问句:Does she study English at school? (study去掉了ies,即成了原型动词.)
(3)同样,在一般现在时里,第三人称单数改成否定句时要在谓语动词前加一个does not(可以缩写为doesn't).这个doesn't叫做助动词,表示否定;而句中原先的已经加了s,es的动词词,则不需要再进行变化了,而用原型动词(即没有变化的动词).
例如:
肯定句:After breakfast Mr. Li goes to work by bus. (go加了es,表示一般现在时.)
疑问句:After breakfast Mr. Li doesn't go to work by bus. (加了doesn't, 而go去掉了es)
(4)如果是第一、二人称和复数的话,在表示一般现在时的时候,它的谓语动词不进行变化(相当于原型动词).
例如:
We have four classes in the morning. (have没有变化,但仍然表示一般现在时.)
The workers work very hard.(work没有变化,但仍然表示一般现在时.)
(5)如果不是第三人称的或者是复数名词,它的疑问句是在句首加助动词do,而否定句是在动词谓语前加don't表示否定.
例如:
肯定句:We have four classes in the morning. (have没有变化,但仍然表示一般现在时.)
疑问句:Do you have four classes in the morning?(在句首加do,句中have仍然保留原型.)
肯定句:The workers work very hard.(work没有变化,但仍然表示一般现在时.)
否定句:The workers don't work very hard.(句中加了don't,work仍然保留原型.)
是现在分词,不是现代分词
英语上的分词分为现在分词和过去分词.
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成).分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等.
1、 分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等.
分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词.
(1)现在分词The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
(2)过去分词Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、"while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词"结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词.
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面.现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系).
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分.
5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用.现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人.