一、-ED分词作表语
过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受、状态(系词+分词).如：
We were very interested in the novel she gave us yesterday.
我们对她昨天给我们的小说非常感兴趣.
She was quite frightened by the sudden noise outside the door.
她被门外突然的吵闹声吓住了.
可以用作表语的常见过去分词有：
amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, confused, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, excited, experienced, fadded, frightened, hurt, interested, known, learned, lost, married, pleased, puzzled, qualified, satisfied, surprised, tired, unprepared, unkown, upset, worried等.
二、作定语的-ED分词
-ED分词可以作前置定语也可以作后置定语,作后置定语时相当于一个定语从句.
1．-ed分词可以作前置定语,此时,分词与名词之间有两种语义关系：一种是分词表示主动意义；一种是分词表示被动意义.如：
He is a retired worker.
他是一个退休工人.
This is a newly-developed device.
这是一个新开发的工具.
2．-ed分词作后置定语时,其功能相当于一个定语从句.如：
She likes to drink cold boiled water.
他喜欢喝凉白开.
They were inspecting the houses damaged by the storm.
他们正在视察被暴风雨毁坏的房屋.
1) Commercial banks make most of their income from interest on loans and investments in stocks and bonds.
［A］ earn
［B］ earned
［C］ to earn
［D］ was earned
解析：B为正确答案.空档前是一完整的句子,在没有连词的情况下,不能填充A和D；根据题意,“利息”是“通过…(被)挣来的”,有被动之意,所以选B. 三、用作状语的-ED分词
这样的-ED分词通常来自及物动词.-ED分词用作状语时,跟-ING分词作状语时一样,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间,条件,原因,伴随状况等.-ED分词结构作状语,前边往往可以加when,while,if,as if,though.这时,我们可以把-ED分词结构理解为一个省略句,即省去了“主语和be的变化形式”.一般说来,这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致.
-ed分词作状语跟-ing作状语一样,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等.
1．表示时间
Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like a lion.
从远处看,这座山脉象一头狮子.
2．表示原因
Criticized unfairly, she left the office without saying a word.
由于受到不公平的批评,她默默地离开了办公室.
3．表示条件
Watered once a day, the flower will grow very well.
如果每天浇一次水,这花会长得很好.
4．表示伴随状况
He stood there, fascinated by the singing.
他站在那儿,被歌声所吸引.
在句子深层结构中,-ed分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语.如果-ed分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,-ed分词短语的逻辑主语则需要用一个独立结构或者用一个由with/without等引导的介词短语表达出来.如：
The question settled, they left for home.
问题解决了,他们就回家了.
With everything taken into consideration, we all think this is a good suggestion.
统观全局,我们认为这是一个好的提议.
1. 表示时间
4) Inaugurated a second time on March 4, 1901, focused on domestic rather than oreign policies.
［A］ William McKinley's new term looked forward to and
［B］ the new term looked forward to William McKinley and
［C］ looking forward to a new term was William McKinley
［D］ William McKinley looked forward to a new term
解析：D为正确答案.这句话前半句的-ED分词相当于一个时间状语从句“When he was inaugurated a second time …”,主句的主语应当是人,所以A和D为可能选项,但A中的look forward to后应跟名词,那么只有D为正确选项.
2. 表示条件
5) under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate sixpointed shape.
［A］ Seen
［B］ Sees
［C］ Seeing
［D］ To see
解析：A为正确答案.本句的意思是“在显微镜下看,雪花……”,显然这里的看是“被观察”之义.B、C、D都表示主动,A为正确选项.
6) to steel, chromium(铬) increases the metal's hardness.
［A］ Added
［B］ In addition
［C］ Adding
［D］ Adds
解析：A为正确答案.(同上)
7) enough food and water, they could have beaten the enemy.
［A］ Being given
［B］ Given
［C］ Give
［D］ To give
解析：B为正确答案.(同上)
3. 表示原因
8) Encouraged by his mother, .
［A］ art was studied in Florence by John Singer Sargent
［B］ Florence was where John Singer Sargent studied art
［C］ the study of art in Florence by John Singer Sargent
［D］ John Singer Sargent studied art in Florence.
解析：D为正确答案.四个选项中,只有D的主语为“John Singer Sargent”(人名) ,而只有人才能被“encouraged”(鼓舞),也就是说,只有D中的主语能充当空白前-ED分词短语的逻辑主语.
food,fruit不可数名词,但表示种类时,是可数的.two fruits 两种水果,foods货物 fish用作可数名词指“鱼的条数”时单数和复数形式相同（two fish两条鱼）,
指“鱼的种类”时复数形式才为fishes（two fishes两种鱼）；
fish用作不可数名词时无复数形式,应作“鱼肉”解（Help yourself to some fish．随便吃些鱼.）；
fish用作动词时,它的含义又与“钓（捕）鱼”有关（go fishing去钓鱼）. cloth 棉料（原料）--->（加工）--->cloths 纺织物 (半成品）--->（加工）--->clothes 衣服(成品）--->（加工）--->clothing 服装（高级成品） drink一般是不可数的,但以杯或种类计算时可数.three drinks三杯/瓶/种饮料