动名词是英语中动词的非谓语形式的一种,起名词的作用.在动名词短语中,动名词还保留动词的属性,如可以带有自己的宾语、状语等.
一、动名词作主语的几种类型
动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分.在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论.
动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况:
1.直接位于句首做主语.例如:
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2.用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语.
动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后.例如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等.
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构.
3.用于“There be”结构中.例如:
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来.
4.用于布告形式的省略结构中.例如:
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ).
No parking.
5.动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构(——这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语).动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语.例如:
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
二、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较
动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语.在意义上相近.但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作,不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作.比较:
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
注意:
1)在口语中,用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见.
2)在“It is no use...”,“It is no good...”,“It is fun...”,“It is a waste of time...”等句型中,通常用动名词作真实主语:
It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.
*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.
3)在疑问句中,通常用动名词的复合结构,而不用不定式的复合结构作主语:
Does your saying that mean anything to him?
*Does for you to say that mean anything to him?
4)在“There be”句型中,只能用动名词,而不能用不定式作主语:
There is no telling what will happen.
It is impossible to tell what will happen.
5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时,要遵循前后一致的原则,主语和表语在形式上要求统一:
Seeing is believing.
*To see is to believe.