1、 常用与开头的短语、句式
（1） with the （rapidly）growing popularity of （computers/private cars） in China,the quality of our lives has been considerably changed.
（2） With the （rapid）growth of （our economy/population）,many problems such as （water shortages/waste of energy/lack of professionals and chaotic management）are beginng to surface
（3） With the development of （science and technology/market economy）,more and more/an increasing number of people come to realize that …
（4） Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over (illegal publication/drug abuse/negative influence of western cultures).
（5） Nowadays ,a heated debated/discussion about…is under way in China .some people believe that …,whereas others argue that…
（6） There are some reasons for owning (private cars/ personal computers).To begin with,…Next,…Last,…There are,on the oher hand,many reasons against it,First,…Second,…Finally,…
（7） There are many advantanges and disadvantages in(owning a car).
（8） There are various /at least three ways/possible techniques/problems/methods to do something
（9） Smoking/Alcoholic beverage should be banned from college campuses for toe reasons.The first reason is that …The second reason is that …/On the one hand ,… On the other hand,…
（10） The possible solutions of (the enery crisis/water shortanges/these social problems)depend on three factors…
（11） The tow major reasons responsible for(the rapid economic growth /the widespread of fake products )are…
2．常用于结尾的短语、句式
（1） It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to ...
（2） To conclude,we can see that （the best way/the possible solution）is...
（3） In short,（shortages of water,decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution）are the major problems to be solved to（increase rain production）.
（4） In order to make our world a better palce in which to live we should make great efforts to...
（5） In a word ,there are three suggestions we must follow ,only in this way can we（achieve a great success）.
（6） It is time for us to take an actie part in...
（7） Let us work hand in hand in hand to（solve these social problems）
3．陈述或论证观点、看法（view,point,opinion）、原因（reason、cause）、方法、手段、措施、步骤.（method,means,measures,step...）、因素（factor）、利弊、优缺点（advantage,disadvantage）时常用的词语、句式：
（1）引述段落提出问题时常用的句式、词语：
.的原因有许多.There are many reasons why...
.的原因如下；The reasons why ...are as follows
我的看法是.My opinon is that
（2）展开段落论证时常用的句式、词语：
①、第一层次（首先）First,Firstly,In the first place,First of all ,To begin with,For one thing.
我的第一理由是...My first reason is that...
主要因素是.The main factor is that ...
②第二层次（其次）Second ,Secondly,In the Second plce,Next,Then,For another,
另一种方法是...Another means of ...is to do..
第二种解决方法是...the second solution is that...
③第三层次（第三点）Third,athirdly,besides,in adition,furthermore,what is more important
（3）总结性段落常用句式、词语：
最后一点 last,lastly,finally,in the last place ,last of all,in short,in brief
简言之 in a word ,in summary,tosum up
总之,in conclusion,on the whole,altogether,in all
因此,so,thus,hence,therefor.Consequently,for thee reasons
结果,in consequence,as a result
由此可见...it will be seen from it that
如上所述,我们可以得出结论...as has been said above,we can conclude/make a conclusion/draw a conclusion/reach a conclusion come to aconclusion that...
（4）将事物的正反、好坏两方面,或者将两种不同事物进行比较,对比时常用的句式、短语：
然而 while ,whereas,but,however,nevertheless
尽管如此 in spite of that,despite all this
但在另一方面 but on the other hand
与...相比 in/by in comparison with.../as compare with...
对比之下 by/in contrast
与...相反 as opposed to.../instead of...
相反 on the contrary,instead
他们的区别如下 The differences sre as follows；the differences can be described as follows
A与B之间的不同在于.the differences between A and B is /lies in/exests in/consists in...；A is different from B in...