一、时间状语
Hearing the news, he jumped for joy. 听了这消息时高兴得跳了起来.
Asked who he was, he made no reply. 当问到他是谁时,他没作回答.
上面两句中的分词短语均用作时间状语,均可改为时间状语从句,其中现在分词短语hearing the news相当于when he heard the news,过去分词短语asked who he was相当于when he was asked who he was.
二、原因状语
Being sick I stayed at home. 我因病呆在家中.
Much discouraged,she moved on to London. 她很沮丧,搬到了伦敦.
两句中的分词短语均用作原因状语,其中现在分词短语being sick相当于as hewas sick,过去分词短语much discourage相当于as she was discouraged.
三、条件状语
Working hard, you will succeed. 如果努力工作,你就可以成功.
Compared with you, I still have a long way to go. 跟你比较起来,我还差得很远呢.
两句中的分词短语均用作条件状语,其中第一句中的现在分词短语working hard相当于if you work hard,第二句中的compared with you相当于if I was compared with you.
四、让步状语
Although living miles away, he never came late. 虽然住在几英里以外,他从未迟到.
Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了,他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手.
两句中的分词短短语均表示让步,含有“虽然”“尽管”之意,其中第一句中的although living miles away相当于although he lived miles away；第二句中的defeated相当于thoughhe was defeated.
五、方式状语
He made a lot of money selling waste materials. 他靠卖废料赚了不少钱.
I’mreturning you letter as requested. 我按要求给你退信.
第一句中的现在分词短语selling waste materials表示方式,相当于by selling waste materials；第二句的as requested也表示方式,相当于as it is required.
六、伴随状语
He was lying on the sofa watching TV. 他躺在沙发上看电视.
He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的妻子.
两句中的分词短语均表示伴随,第一句中的watching TV伴随谓语动作waslying同时进行；第二句中的followed by his wife伴随谓语动作came in同时发生.
七、结果状语
I fell, striking my head against the door. 我摔倒在地,头撞到门上.
He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了,留下他妻子和五个孩子.
两句中的striking my head against the door和leaving his wife with five children均为结果状语,分别表示“摔倒”和“死”所带来的结果.
现在分词的句法功能（在句中充当表语,定语,补语；状语）
（1）作定语：
I'mreading a very interesting book.我在读一本很有趣的书.
He toldus many exciting things last night.他昨夜告诉我们许多有趣的事情.
(2) 作表语
The opera is very moving and instructive.这个歌剧很动人,且有教育意义.
Hisreport is inspiring. 他的报告令人鼓舞.(现在分词作表语)
（2）作补语：
I saw himgoing upstairs.我看见他走上楼的.(只看见他上楼这个动作的一部分,说明他上楼的情景)
I wasworking in the room all morning· I heard somebody All knock at the next door.我整个上午在房间工作,听见有人敲隔壁房间的门.(听见敲门整个过程)
When Iwent back to the room,I heard her practicing singing in the next room.我回房间时听见她在隔壁房间练歌.(只听见一部分,回房间前她已开始唱了)
（3）状语
Openingthe drawer he took out a dictionary.他打开抽屉,拿出一本词典.(= He opened the drawer and took...这两个动作是一个接着一个)
Thinkingthat Chinese medicine might help,he went to a hospital of Chinesemedicine.他想中医也许有效,于是到一家中医医院去治病.(= As he thought that...)
过去分词
1. 动词的过去分词作状语
动词的过去分词作状语,用来修饰谓语,表示动作的原因、时间、条件和让步,伴随着动作发生的背景或状况,其作用相当于一个状语从句.这类状语大多放在句子前部,也可以放在句子后面或插在句子中间.如：
(1). 作原因状语,相当于一个原因状语从句.
Born into a poor family, he had to do oddjobs when he was at school.
( = Because he was born into a poor family,he had to do odd jobs when he was at school)
Sent to hospital without delay, the childwas saved, luckily enough.
Badly disappointed, he left without a word.
(2). 作时间状语,相当于一个时间状语从句.
Seen from the hill, the city looks verybeautiful.
( = When the city was seen from the hill, itlooks very beautiful. )
Heated, the metal expands. 金属受热膨胀
Left alone in the room, the boy began tocry.
(3). 作条件状语,相当于一个条件状语从句.
Given more tome, we can do it better.
( = If we are given more time, we can do it better. )
Looked at in another way, it is a problem ofgreat importance.
A pair of sun glasses worn, your eyes won'tbe hurt.
(4). 作伴随状语,相当于一个并列分句.
The professor came into the lab, followed bya group of students.
( = The professor came into the lab, and agroup of students followed him. )
"OK", he said, pleased. (= He waspleased and said, "OK. ")
He came to meet us, dressed in . (a trimsuit, 笔挺的西装)
2. 动词的过去分词作定语
过去分词单独作定语时,置于被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语时,置于被修饰词之后,相当于已给定语从句的功能,过去分词表示被动、完成的含义.如：
(1). Do you have any written homework today? 你今天又书面作业么?
(2). The lost time never comes back.
(3). There is no such a man called Li Hong here..
(4). The language spoken by the largest number of speakersis Chinese.
(5). Imagine that you are one of the students chosen tosolve the problem.