efore与until当连词用时,都表示主句的情景发生在从句情景之前,它们主要有两个区别:
第一,带有until从句的肯定式主句中的谓语动词必须是持续性的(如be,live,like,work等),而带before从句的主句中的谓语动词则不必是持续性的.比较:
(a)We always have to wait until the last passenger has left.
我们总是得等到最后一个乘客离去.
(b)I shouted before the boss arrived.
在老板到来之前,我大喊大叫.
第二,until引出的分句的内容是真实的,而before引出的分句的内容可能是真实的,也可能是非真实的.比较:
(a)Let's wait until the rain stops.
让我们等到雨停吧.
(b)I began to cry before he could speak.
他尚未开口,我就开始哭了.
(c)Pigs will fly before he'll become a mathematician.
他要是能当数学家,猪都会飞了(在他成为数学家之前猪都会飞了.意即根本不可能).
1.by 和until:
by 表示“截止到某一时刻为止”,句中的实义动词一般是表示瞬间行为的:
We had to get there by evening.
我们必须在夜晚前抵达那里
或者是be动词:
You must be back by four o'clock.
你务必在4点前回来.
until / till表示“一直延续到某一时刻”,如果是肯定句,句中的动词一般是延续性动词;否定句表示“在...以前,直到...才”:
He lived in California until he was twenty.
他在加里弗尼亚一直住到20岁.
She didn't go to bed until her daughter came back.
她一直等到女儿回来才去睡觉.
I didn't wake up until I heard the alarm clock.
直到听到闹钟的铃声我才醒来.
2.by和before:
by...到...为止,时间点 by 8 到8点为止,包括八点和八点之前
before 在...之前 before 8 八点之前 不包括8点
by+时间点,通常用完成时态
before不用于完成时态